Difference between revisions of "Ganymede"

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Ganymede is one of [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] four [[Galilean Moons]]. It is also the largest Natural Satellite in the Solar System.
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{{Unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
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Additional parameters for this template are available at [[Template:Infobox Planet]].
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{{Infobox Planet
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| name              = Ganymede
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| image              = [[Image:Ganymede_g1_true.jpg|250px|True color image taken by the Galileo probe]]
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| caption            = Click image for description
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| bgcolour          = #a0ffa0
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| discovery          = yes
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| discoverer        = [[Galileo Galilei|G. Galilei]]<br/>[[Simon Marius|S. Marius]]
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| discovered        = [[January 11]], [[1610]]
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| mean_orbit_radius  = 1,070,400 [[Kilometer|km]] (0.007155 [[Astronomical unit|AU]])
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| eccentricity      = 0.0011
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| periapsis          = 1,069,200 km (0.007147 AU)
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| apoapsis          = 1,071,600 km (0.007163 AU)
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| period            = 7.15455296 [[Day|d]] (0.019588 [[Year|a]])
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| orbital_circ      = 6,725,500 km (0.045 AU)
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| max_speed          = 10.892 km/s
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| avg_speed          = 10.880 km/s
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| min_speed          = 10.868 km/s
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| inclination        = 2.21° (to the [[ecliptic]])<br/>0.20° to Jupiter's equator)
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| satellite_of      = [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]
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| physical_characteristics = yes
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| mean_radius        = [[1 E6 m|2631.2]] km (0.413 Earths)
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| surface_area      = [[1 E13 m²|87.0 million]] [[Square kilometre|km²]] (0.171 Earths) <ref name=surfacearea>Using the mean radius</ref>
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| volume            = 7.6{{e|10}} [[Cubic kilometer|km³]] (0.0704 Earths)
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| mass              = 1.4819{{e|23}} [[Kilogram|kg]] (0.025 Earths)
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| density            = 1.942 [[Gram|g]]/[[Cubic centimeter|cm³]]
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| surface_grav      = 1.428 [[Acceleration|m/s<sup>2</sup>]] (0.146 ''[[Acceleration due to gravity|g]]'')
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| escape_velocity    = 2.741 km/s  (6,130 mph)
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| rotation          = [[Synchronous rotation|synchronous]]
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| axial_tilt        = zero
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| albedo            = 0.43
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| magnitude          = 4.6
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| single_temperature = ~109 [[Kelvin|K]] (&minus;172°C)
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| atmosphere        = yes
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| surface_pressure  = trace
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| atmosphere_composition = 100% [[oxygen]]
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}}
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'''Ganymede''' ''(gan'-ə-meed,'' {{IPA2|ˈgænəmid}}; Greek ''Γανυμήδης)'' is [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s largest [[natural satellite|moon]], and the [[Solar system by size|largest]] moon in the entire [[solar system]]; it is larger in diameter than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] but only about half its mass. Ganymede is one of four planetary satellites of Jupiter which can be seen with the naked eye — with good eyesight and a clear night (without the pollution haze of cities). Our Moon is the only other moon we can see, unaided, in our solar system.
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It may have been discovered by [[China|Chinese]] [[astronomer]] [[Gan De]] in 364 BC. However, discovery of the moon is generally credited to [[Galileo Galilei]] who documented its existence in 1610. The name Ganymede was soon after suggested by [[Simon Marius]], for the cup-bearer of the [[Greek mythology|Greek gods]], beloved of [[Zeus]] (see [[Ganymede (mythology)]]).  This name and the names of the other Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as '''Jupiter III''' or as the "third satellite of Jupiter". Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure.
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==Physical characteristics==
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[[Image:PIA00519 Interior of Ganymede.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Interior of Ganymede]]
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===Internal structure===
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Ganymede is composed of [[silicate]] rock and [[water]] [[ice]], with an ice crust floating over a warmer ice [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] that may contain a layer of liquid water.  Indications from the ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' orbiter data suggest that Ganymede is differentiated into a three layer structure: a small partially molten [[iron]] or iron/[[sulfur]] core surrounded by a rocky silicate mantle with an icy shell on top. This metallic core suggests a greater degree of heating at some time in Ganymede's past than had previously been proposed. In fact, Ganymede may be similar in its internal structure to [[Io (moon)|Io]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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[[Image:Ganymede terrain.jpg|thumb|left|120px|The sharp boundary between the dark [[Nicholson Regio]] and the bright [[Harpagia Sulcus]]]]
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===Surface features===
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The Ganymedean surface is a mix of two types of terrain: very old, highly cratered dark regions and somewhat younger (but still ancient) lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. Their origin is clearly of a [[Tectonics|tectonic]] nature, probably formed by the extension, stretching, and faulting of the icy crust. Analogous tectonic features form the ridges and valleys in the [[Basin and Range]] province of the southwestern United States.  Features reminiscent of old [[lava]] flows have also been observed.  Similar ridge and groove terrain is seen on [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]] and [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]. The dark regions are similar to the surface of [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].
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Extensive [[Impact crater|crater]]ing is seen on both types of terrain. The density of cratering indicates an age of 4 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] years for the dark terrain, similar to the highlands of the [[Moon]], and a somewhat younger age for the bright grooved terrain (but how much younger is uncertain). Craters both overlay and are cross cut by the groove systems indicating that some of the grooves are quite ancient. Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are also visible.<small><ref name="Ganymede">{{cite web | last =Lunar and Planetary Institute  | title =Ganymede | date =1997 | url =http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/outerp/gany.html}}</ref></small> Unlike on the Moon, however, Ganymedean craters are quite flat, lacking the ring mountains and central depressions common to craters on the Moon and Mercury. This is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede's icy crust which can flow and thereby soften the relief. Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leaving only a "ghost" of a crater are known as [[Palimpsest#Alternate usage|palimpsest]]s.
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The largest feature on Ganymede is a dark plain named [[Galileo Regio]], as well as a series of concentric grooves, or furrows, that are remnants of an ancient impact crater long since obscured by subsequent geological activity.
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===Atmosphere===
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In the mid-1980s, a team of Indian and American astronomers working at Indonesia's Lembang Observatory detected a thin atmosphere around Ganymede during an [[occultation]] when Jupiter passed in front of a star. Evidence for a tenuous [[oxygen]] atmosphere on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], has been found by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<small><ref name="nineplanets.org-Ganymede">{{cite web| last =nineplanets.org | title =Ganymede page | date = Oct 31, 1997  | url =http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html }}</ref></small> Note that this is not necessarily evidence of life: it is thought that the oxygen is produced when water ice on Ganymede's surface is split into [[hydrogen]] and oxygen by radiation and then the hydrogen is lost due to its low atomic mass.
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===Magnetosphere===
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The ''Galileo'' orbiter's first flyby of Ganymede discovered that Ganymede has its own magnetic field, embedded inside Jupiter's huge field. Ganymede is the only moon known to have a [[magnetosphere]].<small><ref name="nineplanets.org-Ganymede">{{cite web| last = nineplanets.org | title =Ganymede page | date = Oct 31, 1997  | url =http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html }}</ref></small>  Ganymede's intrinsic magnetic field is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth's: as a result of conducting material moving in the interior, likely originating in its metallic core. Ganymede also has an induced magnetic field component, indicating that the satellite contains a subsurface layer that acts as a conductor. It is thought that this conductive material is a layer of liquid water containing [[salt]], located at about 150 km depth and sandwiched between layers of different density forms of ice.
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===Possibility of Life===
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It has been suggested that Ganymede may be amenable to life{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. While temperatures are extremely low, and there is no atmosphere, it does have its own magnetic field that might protect life from harmful radiation, and it lies in a relatively quiet radio zone around Jupiter (unlike e.g. Europa). Amateurs have suggested that features difficult to explain by known geologic processes appear to rise above or to spread over the ground and cast shadows on it{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Spectral measurements have indicated the presence of organic "tholin" molecules, especially towards the limb {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
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==Ganymede in fiction==
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{{main|Jupiter's moons in fiction}}
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== See also ==
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* [[List of craters on Ganymede]]
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* The [[asteroid]] [[1036 Ganymed]]
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* [[Colonization of the outer solar system#Ganymede|Colonization of Ganymede]]
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==References==
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<div class="references-small">
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<references />
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</div>
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==External links==
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*[http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html Ganymede page] on ''The <strike>Nine</strike>8 Planets''
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*[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm Jupiter's Moon Ganymede] on ''Views of the Solar System''
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<div style="clear: both; margin-top: 2em; text-align: center;">''... | [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] | '''Ganymede''' | [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] | ...''</div>
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<br/>{{Moons of Jupiter}}
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{{Natural satellites of the Solar System (compact)}}
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{{Footer SolarSystem}}
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[[Category:Jupiter's moons]]
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Revision as of 00:40, 22 February 2007

Template:Unreferenced Template:Infobox Planet Ganymede (gan'-ə-meed, Template:IPA2; Greek Γανυμήδης) is Jupiter's largest moon, and the largest moon in the entire solar system; it is larger in diameter than Mercury but only about half its mass. Ganymede is one of four planetary satellites of Jupiter which can be seen with the naked eye — with good eyesight and a clear night (without the pollution haze of cities). Our Moon is the only other moon we can see, unaided, in our solar system.

It may have been discovered by Chinese astronomer Gan De in 364 BC. However, discovery of the moon is generally credited to Galileo Galilei who documented its existence in 1610. The name Ganymede was soon after suggested by Simon Marius, for the cup-bearer of the Greek gods, beloved of Zeus (see Ganymede (mythology)). This name and the names of the other Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as Jupiter III or as the "third satellite of Jupiter". Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure.

Physical characteristics

Interior of Ganymede

Internal structure

Ganymede is composed of silicate rock and water ice, with an ice crust floating over a warmer ice mantle that may contain a layer of liquid water. Indications from the Galileo orbiter data suggest that Ganymede is differentiated into a three layer structure: a small partially molten iron or iron/sulfur core surrounded by a rocky silicate mantle with an icy shell on top. This metallic core suggests a greater degree of heating at some time in Ganymede's past than had previously been proposed. In fact, Ganymede may be similar in its internal structure to Io.Template:Fact

The sharp boundary between the dark Nicholson Regio and the bright Harpagia Sulcus

Surface features

The Ganymedean surface is a mix of two types of terrain: very old, highly cratered dark regions and somewhat younger (but still ancient) lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. Their origin is clearly of a tectonic nature, probably formed by the extension, stretching, and faulting of the icy crust. Analogous tectonic features form the ridges and valleys in the Basin and Range province of the southwestern United States. Features reminiscent of old lava flows have also been observed. Similar ridge and groove terrain is seen on Enceladus, Miranda and Ariel. The dark regions are similar to the surface of Callisto.

Extensive cratering is seen on both types of terrain. The density of cratering indicates an age of 4 billion years for the dark terrain, similar to the highlands of the Moon, and a somewhat younger age for the bright grooved terrain (but how much younger is uncertain). Craters both overlay and are cross cut by the groove systems indicating that some of the grooves are quite ancient. Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are also visible.[1] Unlike on the Moon, however, Ganymedean craters are quite flat, lacking the ring mountains and central depressions common to craters on the Moon and Mercury. This is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede's icy crust which can flow and thereby soften the relief. Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leaving only a "ghost" of a crater are known as palimpsests.

The largest feature on Ganymede is a dark plain named Galileo Regio, as well as a series of concentric grooves, or furrows, that are remnants of an ancient impact crater long since obscured by subsequent geological activity.

Atmosphere

In the mid-1980s, a team of Indian and American astronomers working at Indonesia's Lembang Observatory detected a thin atmosphere around Ganymede during an occultation when Jupiter passed in front of a star. Evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on Europa, has been found by the Hubble Space Telescope.[2] Note that this is not necessarily evidence of life: it is thought that the oxygen is produced when water ice on Ganymede's surface is split into hydrogen and oxygen by radiation and then the hydrogen is lost due to its low atomic mass.

Magnetosphere

The Galileo orbiter's first flyby of Ganymede discovered that Ganymede has its own magnetic field, embedded inside Jupiter's huge field. Ganymede is the only moon known to have a magnetosphere.[2] Ganymede's intrinsic magnetic field is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth's: as a result of conducting material moving in the interior, likely originating in its metallic core. Ganymede also has an induced magnetic field component, indicating that the satellite contains a subsurface layer that acts as a conductor. It is thought that this conductive material is a layer of liquid water containing salt, located at about 150 km depth and sandwiched between layers of different density forms of ice.

Possibility of Life

It has been suggested that Ganymede may be amenable to lifeTemplate:Fact. While temperatures are extremely low, and there is no atmosphere, it does have its own magnetic field that might protect life from harmful radiation, and it lies in a relatively quiet radio zone around Jupiter (unlike e.g. Europa). Amateurs have suggested that features difficult to explain by known geologic processes appear to rise above or to spread over the ground and cast shadows on itTemplate:Fact. Spectral measurements have indicated the presence of organic "tholin" molecules, especially towards the limb Template:Fact.

Ganymede in fiction

Main article: Jupiter's moons in fiction


See also

References

  1. ↑ Template:cite web
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:cite web Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nineplanets.org-Ganymede" defined multiple times with different content

External links

... | Europa | Ganymede | Callisto | ...


Template:Moons of Jupiter Template:Natural satellites of the Solar System (compact) Template:Footer SolarSystem


af:Ganymedes als:Ganymed (Mond) ar:جانيميد frp:Ganimède (satèlite) bs:Ganimed (mjesec) br:Ganymede (loarenn) bg:Ганимед (спътник) ca:Ganimedes (satèl·lit) cs:Ganymed (měsíc) co:Ganimede da:Ganymedes (måne) de:Ganymed (Mond) el:Γανυμήδης (δορυφόρος) es:Ganímedes (luna) eo:Ganimedo fr:Ganymède (lune) gl:Ganímedes (satélite) ko:가니메데 hr:Ganimed (mjesec) is:Ganýmedes (tungl) it:Ganimede (astronomia) he:גאנימד la:Ganymedes (satelles) lv:Ganimēds (pavadonis) lt:Ganimedas (palydovas) hu:Ganymedes nl:Ganymedes (maan) ja:ガニメデ (衛星) no:Ganymedes (måne) nn:Jupitermånen Ganymede pl:Ganimedes (księżyc) pt:Ganímedes (satélite) ro:Ganymede (satelit) ru:Ганимед (спутник Юпитера) sk:Ganymedes (mesiac) sl:Ganimed (luna) sr:Ганимед fi:Ganymedes sv:Ganymedes (måne) tr:Ganymede (uydu) zh:木卫三

Jupiters natural satellites

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Named Satellites: Adrastea | Aitne | Amalthea | Ananke | Aoede | Arche | Autonoe | Callirrhoe | Callisto | Carme | Carpo | Chaldene | Cyllene | Dia | Eirene | Elara | Erinome | Ersa | Euanthe | Eukelade | Eupheme | Euporie | Europa | Eurydome | Ganymede | Harpalyke | Hegemone | Helike | Hermippe | Herse | Himalia | Io | Iocaste | Isonoe | Kale | Kallichore | Kalyke | Kore | Leda | Lysithea | Megaclite | Metis | Mneme | Orthosie | Pandia | Pasiphae | Pasithee | Philophrosyne | Praxidike | Sinope | Sponde | Taygete | Thebe | Thelxinoe | Themisto | Thyone | Valetudo

Numbered Satellites: S/2003 J2 | S/2003 J4 | S/2003 J9 | S/2003 J10 | S/2003 J12 | S/2003 J16 | S/2003 J18 | S/2003 J19 | S/2003 J23 | S/2010 J 1 | S/2010 J 2 | S/2011 J 1 | S/2011 J 2 S/2016 J 1 | S/2017 J 1 | S/2017 J 2 | S/2017 J 3 | S/2017 J 5 | S/2017 J 6 | S/2017 J 7 | S/2017 J 8 | S/2017 J 9

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