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The '''Soyuz''' family of spacecraft has its origins in the early Russian space program. Because of its very flexible configuration of three modules, it got adapted to almost any task thinkable:
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The '''Soyuz''' family of spacecraft has its origins in the early russian space program. Because of its very flexible configuration of three modules, it got adapted to almost any task thinkable:
  
 
* space station ferry
 
* space station ferry
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==Configuration==
 
==Configuration==
  
Generally all '''soyuz''' spacecraft consist of:
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Generally all soyuz spacecraft consist of:
* Orbital module (БО)
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* Orbital module (BO)
* Descend module (СА)
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* Descend module (SA)
* Service module (РАО)
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* Service module (PAO)
  
===Orbital module (OM, БО)===
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===Orbital module===
  
 
The orbital module contains the docking port, storage for food and water for the crew, storage for EVA space suits and a few spacecraft controls (mostly for light and communications initially). It has three hatches:  
 
The orbital module contains the docking port, storage for food and water for the crew, storage for EVA space suits and a few spacecraft controls (mostly for light and communications initially). It has three hatches:  
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Crew ingress takes place by the crew entering first the orbital module and then climb into the descend module. This is neccessary as the descend module is simply to small to allow more than three hatches.
 
Crew ingress takes place by the crew entering first the orbital module and then climb into the descend module. This is neccessary as the descend module is simply to small to allow more than three hatches.
  
===Descend module (DM, СА)===
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===Descend module===
The Descent Module contains the three crew couches that are used for launch and reentry, and storage cabinets under the couches for their spacesuits.
 
  
===Propulsion module (PM, РАО)===
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===Service module===
 
 
The propulsion module consists of a intermediate section at the front, a pressurized electronics section and the unpressurized assembly section with the propulsion system, the electrical subsystem and parts of the life support system.
 
 
 
Directly behind the heatshield of the DM is the intermediate section, also known as ''transfer section'', which contains the supports for the heatshield, most of the RCS thrusters and the smaller radiator of the thermal control system.
 
 
 
The electronics section contains the electronics used for docking and rendezvous, as well as the heat exchangers for the thermal control subsystem and the power supply systems. Most Soyuz variants rely on solar arrays as power supply, but for a long time, it was also common to use only batteries, which limited the independent flight time to about two days.
 
 
 
Behind the solar arrays is a large radiator which wrap around the whole module. The two radiators provide thermal control for the whole spacecraft until separation.
 
  
 
==Variants==
 
==Variants==
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===Soyuz 7K-LOK===
 
===Soyuz 7K-LOK===
Lunar command module for the Russian lunar landing program. Differed from other soyuz craft by many details.
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Lunar command module for the russian lunar landing program. Differed from other soyuz craft by many details.
  
 
* Fuel cells for power supply
 
* Fuel cells for power supply
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===Soyuz TMA===
 
===Soyuz TMA===
 
Final modification of the Soyuz family. Allowed greater or smaller astronauts as before, making it possible for [[space shuttle]] astronauts to use the Soyuz as reentry capsule in emergency. Also included an improved control system ("Saturn") with two VGA displays (one 16 color, the other amber). Used for the ISS.
 
Final modification of the Soyuz family. Allowed greater or smaller astronauts as before, making it possible for [[space shuttle]] astronauts to use the Soyuz as reentry capsule in emergency. Also included an improved control system ("Saturn") with two VGA displays (one 16 color, the other amber). Used for the ISS.
 
[[Category: Articles]]
 
[[Category:Historic spacecraft]]
 
[[Category:Manned space program]]
 
[[Category:Russia]]
 
[[Category:Europe]]
 

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