https://www.orbiterwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=221.12.134.132&feedformat=atomOrbiterWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T09:25:38ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.2https://www.orbiterwiki.org/index.php?title=Soyuz_launchers&diff=7899Soyuz launchers2007-09-10T14:19:45Z<p>221.12.134.132: </p>
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station.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Soyuz TMA and Progress in flight]]<br />
{{Addon|<br />
1=[http://www.orbithangar.com/searchid.cfm?ID=682 Soyuz Launchers (CVEL) at orbithangar.com]|<br />
2=David 'dh219' Henderson<br />
}}<br />
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This [[add-on]] includes two versions of the workhorse of the russian spaceflight history: The '''Soyuz-FG''' and the '''Soyuz-U'''. Both launchers are build around the [[CVEL|CVE-lite]] framework, allowing them to accept complex payload definitions. <br />
<br />
==CVEL Semyorka==<br />
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[[Image:Soyuz wip4.jpg|left|100px]] The CVEL Soyuz is about to get upgraded soon, turning the addon from the pure soyuz-FG version to the complete family of semyorka based launchers.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Soyuz wip5.jpg|Rendering from below<br />
Image:Soyuz blocke wip.jpg|Early rendering of the Blok E<br />
Image:Soyuz wip6e.jpg|The new engine section<br />
Image:Soyuz wip7.jpg|[[Anim8or]] rendering from above<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==The original launcher==<br />
The soyuz launcher is a 280 ton, two-and-a-half-stage rocket, able to carry about 7 metric tons to LEO. The Soyuz-U is the launcher for both [[Progress]] transports and [[Soyuz TMA]] space station ferries. It currently launches from [[Baikonur]] and [[Pletesk]]. A soyuz launch pad is being constructed on [[Kourou]] currently to allow a higher GTO performance and european manned missions. <br />
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The soyuz launcher is a good example of a proven and evolved launch system. The boosters and the first stage had already been used for launching [[Sputnik]], the worlds first satellite in 1957. Until today the launcher only saw tiny modifications. <br />
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===Technology===<br />
The soyuz is quite different to other launchers, a fact which comes from its long history. The first stage engine system shares many similarities to the A4 rocket, as it uses hydrogen peroxide for driving the turbopumps. The launcher hangs free over its launch pad, hold by four arms right above the boosters. As it was not known in 1963 how to ignite a stage during ballistic flight, the second stage gets ignited [[hot staging|hot]] (while it is still attached to the first stage). <br />
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The launcher does not have a roll program, it gets rotated together with its launch pad to the correct [[launch azimuth]]. <br />
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===Glossary===<br />
*Blok A - the first stage of the launcher (The stages of russian launchers get their names from the russian alphabet)<br />
*Blok B - One of the booster stages<br />
*Blok G - One of the booster stages<br />
*Blok D - One of the booster stages<br />
*Blok W - One of the booster stages<br />
*Blok I - the second stage of the launcher<br />
*Skirt 3 - The protective cover around the second stage engines, gets jettisoned after ignition.<br />
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==How to fly==<br />
The '''Soyuz launchers''' do not come with an [[autopilot]]. For launching, just apply full thrust and fly it into [[orbit]]. Its recommended to use [[Surface MFD]] and [[Align Plane MFD]] until second stage operation. Replace Align Plane MFD with [[Orbit MFD]] for final orbit insertion. Aim for a 220 x 250 km orbit. <br />
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== Recommended add-ons == <br />
* [http://library.avsim.net/esearch.php?CatID=orbmisc</div>221.12.134.132https://www.orbiterwiki.org/index.php?title=Launch_Azimuth&diff=7895Launch Azimuth2007-09-10T09:41:22Z<p>221.12.134.132: </p>
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piacenti... tuttofare offresi] [http://snailtail.cn/yahtzee/index.html yahtzee] [http://wonted.cn/www-parseek/index.html www parseek com] [http://snailtail.cn/x-zone-files/index.html x zone files] [http://bongiluigigallia.kittiss.cn/index.html bongi luigi gallia] [http://quoits.cn/attacco:.html attacco: piattaforma jennifer] [http://snailtail.cn/www-punto/index.html www punto snai it] [http://quoits.cn/zelig-pino.html zelig pino campagna] [http://bingocatania.midways.cn/index.html bingo catania] [http://kitmun.cn/zibrokamin.html zibrokamin] [http://quoits.cn/amori-di.html amori di una calda estate] [http://kitmun.cn/youhoo.html youhoo chat] [http://boccheriniluigiop30.kittiss.cn/index.html boccherini luigi op 30] [http://belluccivideo.romanikki.cn/index.html bellucci video] [http://wonted.cn/www-rooswel-it/index.html www rooswel it] [http://wonted.cn/www-lamerika/index.html www lamerika] [http://bellagio.romanikki.cn/index.html bellagio] The '''launch azimuth''' is the angle between north direction and the projection of the initial orbit plane onto the launch location. It is the compass heading you head for when you launch.<br />
<br />
==Relation between latitude and inclination==<br />
<br />
Not all inclinations can be reached at a position on a celestial body. The problem is, that the launch location has to be a point inside the target orbit plane. So, if the latitude of a launch location is higher than the inclination, the orbit can't be reached directly.<br />
<br />
Using spherical trigonometry, we can calculate the launch azimuth required to hit any allowed orbit inclination. <br />
<br />
<math>\cos(i)=\cos(\phi)\sin(\beta)\!</math><br />
<br />
where <math>i</math> is the desired orbit inclination, <math>\phi</math> is the launch site latitude, and <math>\beta</math> is the launch azimuth. Solving for azimuth:<br />
<br />
<math>\beta=\arcsin\left(\frac{\cos(i)}{\cos(\phi)}\right)</math><br />
<br />
This shows mathematically why the inclination must be greater than the launch latitude: Otherwise, the argument to the inverse sine function would be greater than 1, which is out of its domain. Therefore there is no solution in this case.<br />
<br />
Also, note that frequently there are two solutions: one northbound and one southbound. There is only one solution if the inclination is precisely equal to the latitude, and that is due east. There is only one solution if the inclination plus latitude exactly equals 180</div>221.12.134.132https://www.orbiterwiki.org/index.php?title=Single_Stage_to_Orbit&diff=7892Single Stage to Orbit2007-09-10T09:14:19Z<p>221.12.134.132: </p>
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[http://brineyspears.clung.cn/index.html briney spears] [http://knock-knock.cn/www-lastminute/index.html www lastminute touroperator com] [[Category:Glossary|S SSTO]]<br />
A Single-Stage-to-Orbit launcher is a launch system which reaches at least [[low earth orbit]] with only a single stage. This definition does not even allow booster stages, which are called one-and-a-half stage launchers (eg. Atlas, R7). In [[Orbiter]] the [[Delta-glider]] is an example of an SSTO vessel.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Historic Concepts ==<br />
<br />
*'''TODO'''<br />
*Nova<br />
*Phil Bono Designs<br />
<br />
== Current SSTO designs ==<br />
'''TODO'''<br />
<br />
== Why is there no SSTO? ==<br />
<br />
Though throughout the history of spaceflight there have been many SSTO designs, no such design was ever put into production. The reasons for this are not only economic in nature; there are also substantial engineering problems that must be solved:<br />
<br />
#Fuel tanks - The biggest problem for all SSTO designs lies in the ratio between launch mass and payload mass. In the rocket equation, this parameter is part of the [[mass ratio]]. Because SSTOs can't drop [[construction mass]] during launch, they have to carry the large fuel tanks into orbit, even when they are almost empty. While multistage launchers can simply drop a stage and reduce the construction mass during ascent, a single-stage rocket has to accelerate the whole structure into orbit. <br />
#Engine performance - The engines on an SSTO have to work from launch (at ambient pressure) until reaching orbit in a vacuum. While multistage rockets simply use optimized engines for each phase of the ascent, SSTO designs rely often on complex and often unrealistic engine designs.<br />
#Recovery - An SSTO launcher only makes economic sense when it can be reused. However, making the system reusable increases structure and fuel mass (in other words, total launch mass).<br />
<br />
Many past SSTO designs have been multimillion kilogram vehicles, standing taller than the Saturn V.<br />
<br />
== Alternatives ==<br />
<br />
EADS Bremen is currently developing a Single-Stage-to-Suborbital launch vehicle with a reuseable winged first stage. This approach needs significantly less fuel for ascent and landing. Similar approaches had been pursued by the USA until the mid nineties, but were discontinued as a result of budget cuts.</div>221.12.134.132